The Laravel 10 has been released on Feb 14. Laravel 10 requires a minimum PHP version of 8.1. Read more about the release on the Laravel release notes.

Our Basic Laravel Admin Panel currently has Laravel 9.x, So time to upgrade to Laravel 10.

Laravel Upgrade From 9.x to 10.x

Laravel upgrade involved the following steps.

• Update PHP version
• Composer version update
• Update Composer Dependencies
• Update composer Minimum Stability
• Update Docker composer

All the upgrade steps are available on the official Laravel document.

Update PHP version

Laravel 10 requires PHP 8.1.0 or greater. So update your PHP version. If you using the PHP version below 8.1.

Now we will check out the Admin Panel PHP version. The PHP version will display the Admin panel or Laravel default home page

You can also check the PHP version & Laravel versions in the command line busing below the command

PHP version

./vendor/bin/sail php -v

// or

./vendor/bin/sail php --version

//If you not using sail
php -v

Laravel Version

./vendor/bin/sail artisan -v

//or

./vendor/bin/sail artisan --version

//If you not using sail
php artisan --version

Also, you can check the Laravel version on the ./vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Application.php file.

Our Laravel Admin Panel is using the Laravel sail (Docker development environment). So we need to update the PHP in the docker-compose.yml file. We update it at the end of the step.

Composer version update

Laravel 10 requires Composer 2.2.0 or greater. If you using a lower version, uninstall and install a new version.

You can check your composer version using the below commands

composer -v

composer -vvv about

if you using the sail try below

./vendor/bin/sail composer -v

./vendor/bin/sail composer -vvv about

We already have the composer version above 2.2.0.

Update Composer Dependencies

For Laravel 10, we need to update the following dependencies in our application’s composer.json file

• laravel/framework to ^10.0
• spatie/laravel-ignition to ^2.0
• php to ^8.1

Admin Panel updated below following dependencies

diff --git a/composer.json b/composer.json
index 381f15d..b0be0bc 100644
--- a/composer.json
+++ b/composer.json
@@ -5,12 +5,12 @@
     "keywords": ["framework", "laravel", "boilerplate", "admin panel"],
     "license": "MIT",
     "require": {
-        "php": "^8.0.2",
+        "php": "^8.1",
         "balajidharma/laravel-admin-core": "^1.0",
         "guzzlehttp/guzzle": "^7.2",
-        "laravel/framework": "^9.19",
-        "laravel/sanctum": "^2.14.1",
-        "laravel/tinker": "^2.7",
+        "laravel/framework": "^10.0",
+        "laravel/sanctum": "^3.2",
+        "laravel/tinker": "^2.8",
         "spatie/laravel-permission": "^5.5"
     },
     "require-dev": {
@@ -19,11 +19,11 @@
         "laravel/breeze": "^1.7",
         "laravel/dusk": "^7.1",
         "laravel/pint": "^1.0",
-        "laravel/sail": "^1.0.1",
+        "laravel/sail": "^1.18",
         "mockery/mockery": "^1.4.4",
-        "nunomaduro/collision": "^6.1",
-        "phpunit/phpunit": "^9.5.10",
-        "spatie/laravel-ignition": "^1.0"
+        "nunomaduro/collision": "^7.0",
+        "phpunit/phpunit": "^10.0",
+        "spatie/laravel-ignition": "^2.0"
     },
     "autoload": {
         "psr-4": {

Update composer Minimum Stability

One more change on the composer file. The minimum-stability setting needs to updatestable

"minimum-stability": "stable",

After the composer changes do the composer update

./vendor/bin/sail composer update

Now open the application home page.

If you need an updated welcome page means, copy the https://raw.githubusercontent.com/laravel/laravel/10.x/resources/views/welcome.blade.php and update the resources/views/welcome.blade.php

Update Docker composer

We going to update docker-compose.yml with the latest changes on Laravel.

The latest Laravel sail is using PHP version 8.2. find below the final version of docker-compose.yml

# For more information: https://laravel.com/docs/sail
version: '3'
services:
    laravel.test:
        build:
            context: ./vendor/laravel/sail/runtimes/8.2
            dockerfile: Dockerfile
            args:
                WWWGROUP: '${WWWGROUP}'
        image: sail-8.2/app
        extra_hosts:
            - 'host.docker.internal:host-gateway'
        ports:
            - '${APP_PORT:-80}:80'
            - '${VITE_PORT:-5173}:${VITE_PORT:-5173}'
        environment:
            WWWUSER: '${WWWUSER}'
            LARAVEL_SAIL: 1
            XDEBUG_MODE: '${SAIL_XDEBUG_MODE:-off}'
            XDEBUG_CONFIG: '${SAIL_XDEBUG_CONFIG:-client_host=host.docker.internal}'
        volumes:
            - '.:/var/www/html'
        networks:
            - sail
        depends_on:
            - mysql
            - redis
            - meilisearch
            - mailpit
            - selenium
    mysql:
        image: 'mysql/mysql-server:8.0'
        ports:
            - '${FORWARD_DB_PORT:-3306}:3306'
        environment:
            MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: '${DB_PASSWORD}'
            MYSQL_ROOT_HOST: "%"
            MYSQL_DATABASE: '${DB_DATABASE}'
            MYSQL_USER: '${DB_USERNAME}'
            MYSQL_PASSWORD: '${DB_PASSWORD}'
            MYSQL_ALLOW_EMPTY_PASSWORD: 1
        volumes:
            - 'sail-mysql:/var/lib/mysql'
        networks:
            - sail
        healthcheck:
            test:
                - CMD
                - mysqladmin
                - ping
                - '-p${DB_PASSWORD}'
            retries: 3
            timeout: 5s
    redis:
        image: 'redis:alpine'
        ports:
            - '${FORWARD_REDIS_PORT:-6379}:6379'
        volumes:
            - 'sail-redis:/data'
        networks:
            - sail
        healthcheck:
            test:
                - CMD
                - redis-cli
                - ping
            retries: 3
            timeout: 5s
    meilisearch:
        image: 'getmeili/meilisearch:latest'
        ports:
            - '${FORWARD_MEILISEARCH_PORT:-7700}:7700'
        volumes:
            - 'sail-meilisearch:/meili_data'
        networks:
            - sail
        healthcheck:
            test:
                - CMD
                - wget
                - '--no-verbose'
                - '--spider'
                - 'http://localhost:7700/health'
            retries: 3
            timeout: 5s
    mailpit:
        image: 'axllent/mailpit:latest'
        ports:
            - '${FORWARD_MAILPIT_PORT:-1025}:1025'
            - '${FORWARD_MAILPIT_DASHBOARD_PORT:-8025}:8025'
        networks:
            - sail
    selenium:
        image: 'selenium/standalone-chrome'
        extra_hosts:
            - 'host.docker.internal:host-gateway'
        volumes:
            - '/dev/shm:/dev/shm'
        networks:
            - sail
    phpmyadmin:
        image: phpmyadmin/phpmyadmin
        links:
            - mysql:mysql
        ports:
            - 8080:80
        environment:
            MYSQL_USERNAME: "${DB_USERNAME}"
            MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: "${DB_PASSWORD}"
            PMA_HOST: mysql
        networks:
            - sail
networks:
    sail:
        driver: bridge
volumes:
    sail-mysql:
        driver: local
    sail-redis:
        driver: local
    sail-meilisearch:
        driver: local

We have successfully upgraded our Admin Panel to Laravel 10.x

Your application database records will increase by every day. As a developer, we faced performance and server memory issues when working with large table records. In this blog, we going to process the large table records and explain the importance of the Eloquent chunk method.

We need a demo application to work with large records.

Laravel Installation

As usual, we going to install Basic Laravel Admin Panel locally. This Basic admin comes with users with roles and permissions.

The Basic Laravel Admin Panel is based on Laravel Sail. What is Sail? Sail is a built-in solution for running your Laravel project using Docker.

Refer to the https://github.com/balajidharma/basic-laravel-admin-panel#installation step and complete the installation.

Demo data

For demo records, we going to create dummy users on the user’s table using the Laravel seeder. To generate a seeder, execute the make:seeder Artisan command.

./vendor/bin/sail php artisan make:seeder UserSeeder

INFO Seeder [database/seeders/UserSeeder.php] created successfully.

Open the generated seeder file located on database/seeders/UserSeeder.php and update with the below code.

<?php
namespace Database\Seeders;
use Illuminate\Database\Seeder;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\DB;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Hash;
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
class UserSeeder extends Seeder
{
    /**
     * Run the database seeds.
     *
     * @return void
     */
    public function run()
    {
        for ($i=0; $i < 1000; $i++) {
            DB::table('users')->insert([
                'name' => Str::random(10),
                'email' => Str::random(10).'@gmail.com',
                'password' => Hash::make('password'),
            ]);
        }
    }
}

Now run the seeder using the below Artisan command. It will take extra time to complete the seeding.

./vendor/bin/sail php artisan db:seed --class=UserSeeder

After the Artisan command, verify the created users on the user list page http://localhost/admin/user

Processing large records

Now we going to process the large user records. Assume we need to send black Friday offers notifications emails to all the users. Usually, we generate new Artisan command and send the email by using the scheduler job.

Memory issue

We will fetch all the users and send emails inside each loop.

$users = User::all();
$users->each(function ($user, $key) {
    echo $user->name;
});

If you have millions of records or if your result collection has a lot of relation data means, your server will throw the Allowed memory size of bytes exhausted error.

To overcome this issue we will process the limited data by saving the limit in the database or cache.

Example: First time we fetch the 100 records and save the 100 on the database table.
Next time fetch 100 to 200 records and save the 200 in the database. So this method involved additional fetch and update. Also, we need to stop the job once processed all the records.

Laravel provides the inbuild solution of the Eloquent chunk method to process the large records

Laravel Eloquent chunk method

The Laravel ELoquent check method retrieves a small chunk of results at a time and feeds each chunk into a Closure for processing.

User::chunk(100, function ($users) {
    foreach ($users as $user) {
        echo $user->name;
    }
});

Understand the chunk method

I will create one function in the user controller and explain the check method detailed.

Open the routes/admin.php and add the below route

Route::get('send_emails', 'UserController@sendEmails');

Now open the app/Http/Controllers/Admin/UserController.php and add the sendEmails method.

Without chunk:
After adding the below code open the http://localhost/admin/send_emails page

public function sendEmails()
{
    $users = User::all();
    $users->each(function ($user, $key) {
        echo $user->name;
    });
}

Open the Laravel Debugbar queries panel. The select * from users will fetch all the 1000+ records.

With chunk method:
Replace the same function with the below code and check the page in the browser.

public function sendEmails()
{
    User::chunk(100, function ($users) {
        foreach ($users as $user) {
            echo $user->name;
        }
    });
}

The chunk method adds limits and processes all the records. So if using chunk, it processes 100 records collection at the time. So no more memory issues.

What is chunkById?

This chunkById the method will automatically paginate the results based on the record’s primary key. To understand it, again update the sendEmails the method with the below code

public function sendEmails()
{
    User::chunkById(100, function ($users) {
        foreach ($users as $user) {
            echo $user->name;
        }
    });
}

Now user id is added on where condition along with the limit of 100.

// chunkById
select * from `users` where `id` > 100 order by `id` asc limit 100
select * from `users` where `id` > 200 order by `id` asc limit 100
select * from `users` where `id` > 300 order by `id` asc limit 100
// chunk
select * from `users` order by `users`.`id` asc limit 100 offset 0
select * from `users` order by `users`.`id` asc limit 100 offset 100
select * from `users` order by `users`.`id` asc limit 100 offset 200

This chunkById is recommended when updating or deleting records inside the closure (in the loop).

Conclusion

The Eloquent chunk method is a very useful method when you work with large records. Also, read about the collection check method.

Laravel Refactoring — Laravel creates an admin panel from scratch — Part 11

In the previous part, we moved the UserController store method validation to Form Request. In this part, we going to explore and use the new trending Actions and Services Classes.

We going to cover the below topic in the blog

• Laravel project structure
• Controller Refactoring
• Service Class
  • What is Service Class
  • Implement Service Class
• Action Class
  • Implement Action Class
• Advantages of Services & Action Classes
• Disadvantages of Services & Action Classes
• Conclusion

Laravel project structure

Laravel does not restrict your project structure also they do not suggest any project structure. So, you have the freedom to choose your project structure.

Laravel gives you the flexibility to choose the structure yourself

We will explore both Services & Action Classes and we use these classes in our Laravel basic admin panel.

Controller Refactoring

The UserController the store function does the below 3 actions.

public function store(StoreUserRequest  $request)
{
    // 1.Create a user
    $user = User::create([
        'name' => $request->name,
        'email' => $request->email,
        'password' => Hash::make($request->password)
    ]);
    // 2.Assign role to user
    if(! empty($request->roles)) {
        $user->assignRole($request->roles);
    }
    // 3.Redirect with message
    return redirect()->route('user.index')
                    ->with('message','User created successfully.');
}

To further refactor, we can move the logic to another class method. This new class is called Services & Action Classes. We will see them one by one.

Services Class

We decided to move the logic to another class. The Laravel best practices are suggested to move business logic from controllers to service classes due to the Single-responsibility principle (SRP). The Service class is just a common PHP class to put all our logic.

What is Service Class

A service is a very simple class and it is not extended with any class. So, it is just a standalone PHP class.

We going to create a new app/Services/Admin/UserService.php service class with the createUser method. This is a custom PHP class in Laravel, so no artisan command. We need to create it manually.

Implement Service Class

app/Services/Admin/UserService.php

<?php
namespace App\Services\Admin;

use App\Models\User;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Hash;

class UserService
{
    public function createUser($data): User
    {
        $user = User::create([
            'name' => $data->name,
            'email' => $data->email,
            'password' => Hash::make($data->password),
        ]);

        if(! empty($data->roles)) {
            $user->assignRole($data->roles);
        }

        return $user;
    }
}

Then, in the UserController call this method. For the Automatic Injection, you may type-hint the dependency in the controller.

Blog Updated: Earlier I passed the $request (function createUser(Request $request)) directly to the service class. The service can use by other methods. So $request is converted to an object and passed as params.

app/Http/Controllers/Admin/UserController.php

use App\Services\Admin\UserService;
public function store(StoreUserRequest $request, UserService $userService)
{
    $userService->createUser((object) $request->all());
    return redirect()->route('user.index')
                    ->with('message','User created successfully.');
}

We can do some more refactoring on UserService Class by moving the user role saving to the new method.

app/Services/Admin/UserService.php

class UserService
{
    public function createUser($data): User
    {
        $user = User::create([
            'name' => $data->name,
            'email' => $data->email,
            'password' => Hash::make($data->password),
        ]);
        return $user;
    }
    public function assignRole($data, User $user): void
    {
        $roles = $data->roles ?? [];
        $user->assignRole($roles);
    }
}

app/Http/Controllers/Admin/UserController.php

public function store(StoreUserRequest $request, UserService $userService)
{
    $data = (object) $request->all();
    $user = $userService->createUser($data);
    $userService->assignRole($data, $user);
    return redirect()->route('user.index')
                    ->with('message','User created successfully.');
}

Now we implemented the Service class. We will discuss the benefit at the end of the blog.

Click here to view examples of service classes used on Laravel

Action Class

In the Laravel community, the concept of Action classes got very popular in recent years. An action is a very simple PHP class similar to the Service class. But Action class only has one public method execute or handle Else you could name that method whatever you want.

Implement Action Class

We going to create a new app/Actions/Admin/User/CreateUser.php Action class with the single handle method.

app/Actions/Admin/User/CreateUser.php

<?php

namespace App\Actions\Admin\User;

use App\Models\User;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Hash;

class CreateUser
{
    public function handle($data): User
    {
        $user = User::create([
            'name' => $data->name,
            'email' => $data->email,
            'password' => Hash::make($data->password),
        ]);

        $roles = $data->roles ?? [];
        $user->assignRole($roles);

        return $user;
    }
}

Now call this handle method on UserController. The method injection to resolve CreateUser.

app/Http/Controllers/Admin/UserController.php

public function store(StoreUserRequest $request, CreateUser $createUser)
{
    $createUser->handle((object) $request->all());
    return redirect()->route('user.index')
                    ->with('message','User created successfully.');
}

The biggest advantage of this Action class we don’t worry about the function name. Because it should always single function like handle

Advantages of Services & Action Classes

• Code reusability: We can call the method on the Artisan command and also easy to call other controllers.
• Single-responsibility principle (SRP): Achieved SRP by using Services & Action Classes
• Avoid Conflict: Easy to manage code for larger applications with a large development team.

Disadvantages of Services & Action Classes

• Too many classes: We need to create too many classes for single functionality
• Small Application: Not recommended for smaller applications

Conclusion

As said earlier, Laravel gives you the flexibility to choose the structure yourself. The Services and Action classes are one of the structure methods. It should be recommended for large-scale applications to avoid conflict and do faster releases.

For the Laravel Basic Admin Panel, I am going with the Actions classes.

The Laravel admin panel is available at https://github.com/balajidharma/basic-laravel-admin-panel. Install the admin panel and share your feedback.

Thank you for reading.

Stay tuned for more!

Follow me at balajidharma.medium.com.

References

https://freek.dev/1371-refactoring-to-actions
https://laravel-news.com/controller-refactor
https://farhan.dev/tutorial/laravel-service-classes-explained/

Using Growpart

$ growpart /dev/sda 1
CHANGED: partition=1 start=2048 old: size=39999455 end=40001503 new: size=80000991,end=80003039
$ resize2fs /dev/sda1
resize2fs 1.45.4 (23-Sep-2019)
Filesystem at /dev/sda1 is mounted on /; on-line resizing required
old_desc_blocks = 3, new_desc_blocks = 5
The filesystem on /dev/sda1 is now 10000123 (4k) blocks long.

Using Parted & resize2fs

apt-get -y install parted
parted /dev/vda unit s print all # print current data for a case
parted /dev/vda resizepart 2 yes -- -1s # resize /dev/vda2 first
parted /dev/vda resizepart 5 yes -- -1s # resize /dev/vda5
partprobe /dev/vda # re-read partition table
resize2fs /dev/vda5 # get your space

Parted doesn’t work on ext4 on Centos. I had to use fdisk to delete and recreate the partition, which (I validated) works without losing data. I followed the steps at http://geekpeek.net/resize-filesystem-fdisk-resize2fs/. Here they are, in a nutshell:

$ sudo fdisk /dev/sdx
> c
> u
> p
> d
> p
> w
$ sudo fdisk /dev/sdx
> c
> u
> p
> n
> p
> 1
> (default)
> (default)
> p
> w

sumber: https://serverfault.com/questions/509468/how-to-extend-an-ext4-partition-and-filesystem

After install:

Reference:

• How to assign devices with VT-d in KVM
• What is SR-IOV?
• Input–output memory management unit
• [SOLVED] Yet Another IOMMU Not Detected Thread
• IOMMU broke [SOLVED]
• IOMMU Groups – What You Need to Consider

1. Why ?

There are lot of ways of how you can manage you company, home or corporate DNS zones. You can offload this task to any DNS registar, you can use any available DNS server software with any back-end that you like, or … you can use Zabbix and particularly Zabbix database as your trusty backend. Let’s look at the simple fact, that you already installed and configured Zabbix on your network. And you invested considerable time and effort of doing so. And. looking inside Zabbix, you see, that it knows a great deal about your infrastructure. It’s host names and IP addresses. Maybe, you are also running discovery process on your network and keeping this portion of configuration up-to date. Maybe you already integrate Zabbix with your inventory system. And with your ticketing system. If you did not done that already, maybe you should. So, your Zabbix installation already one of the central points of your enterprise management. Any reason, why you still using vi to manage your DNS zones or paying somebody to do this for you, when you have all you needed at your fingertips ?

2. What you will need ?

Aside from Zabbix itself, not much:

• Unbound DNS resolver
• Python development infrastructure (to properly build Unbound)
• Redis
• redis-py

Some time and software development skills …

3. Prepare your environment.

I will not be covering on how to install and configure Python on your target hosts. You can install it from rpm/deb repositories or compile yourself from the scratch. Second, download unbound DNS resolver and compile it. I am doing this using command

./configure --with-libevent --with-pyunbound --with-pthreads --with-ssl --with-pythonmodule

Please note, that you shall have development files for libevent, openssl, posix threads and the Python on your host.

Next, compile and install REDIS server. I will leave you with excellent Redis documentation as your guide through this process. All I want to say: “It is not difficult to do”. After you’ve compiled and installed Redis, install Python redis module – redis-py.

4. Overview of the design.

You will have number of components on your Zabbix-DNS infrastructure.

• REDIS servers. Will be serving as a primary storage for you direct and reverse mappings. Depending on the size of your DNS zones, you may want to scale the memory for the hosts on which you will run your
  REDIS servers. All REDIS servers are configured for persistency.
• DNS_REDIS_SYNC. Script, which will query SQL table interfaces from zabbix database and populate master REDIS server.
• resolver.py. Unbound python script, which will provide a proper interfacing between zabbix database, REDIS and UNBOUND resolver

5. Masters and slaves.

I am intentionaly insisiting on more complicated master-slave configuration for your installation. When you will need to scale your DNS cluster, you will appretiate that you’ve done this. Depending on your Zabbix configuration, you may be choosing appropriate location for your master REDIS server and DNS_REDIS_SYNC process.

Depending on the size of your Zabbix and number of NVPS, you may consider to perform “select” operations on SQL table “interface” on the less busy with inserts and updates slave MySQL server.

How to setup master-slave MySQL replication is outside of the scope of this article.

Google it. Slave REDIS node shall be local to a DNS resolver.

6. DNS_REDIS_SYNC

DNS_REDIS_SYNC is a simple Python (or whatever language you choose to use, as long as it can interface with MySQL and REDIS) script, which designed to populate master REDIS storage. In order to get information from table interface, you may issue query

select interfaceid,ip,dns from interface where type = 1

When you’ve got all you Name->IP associations from Zabbix database, start to populate direct and reverse zones in REDIS, like

SET A:%(name) %(ip)

SET PTR:%(ip) %(name)

you do not want keys to stick in you REDIS forever, so I recommend to set conservative expiration for your keys. See Chapter #7

EXPIRE A:%(name) %(expiration_time_in_sec)

EXPIRE PTR:%(ip) %(expiration_time_in_sec)

That’s it. Your REDIS database is ready to be used by resolver.py module.

7. Expire or not to expire.

The easiest and more dangerous way to remove the old info from DNS zones stored in REDIS, is to use REDIS EXPIRE commands and capabilities. This will work great if you never get in the situation like this

Downtime of the Zabbix MySQL server > Key expiration time.

One way on how to deal with that situation is to monitor the downtime of the primary Zabbix MySQL from another Zabbix server, which configured to monitor primary server (you shall have this server already) and when downtime crosses pessimistic threshold, execute Action script, which will extend TTL for the keys in the master REDIS server.

8. Anathomy of the resolver.py

Before you will write your resolver.py, consult Unbund documentation on how to write unbound python modules and how to use unbound module. Also, you shall be aware of “gotcha” for the resolver.py . Since it is executed in “embedded Python”, it does not inherit information about location of the some of the python modules. Be prepared to define path to those modules using sys.path.append(…) calls.

Main callback for the query processing inside resolver.py will be function “operate(id, event, qstate, qdata)”. Parameters are:

• id, is a module identifier (integer);
• event, type of the event accepted by module. Look at the documentation of which event types are there. For the resolver, we do need to catch MODULE_EVENT_PASS and MODULE_EVENT_NEW
• qstate, is a module_qstate data structure
• qdata , is a query_info data structure

First, qstate.qinfo.qname_str will contain your query. The best way to detect if this is a query of the direct or reverse zones is to issue this call

<em>socket.inet_aton(qstate.qinfo.qname_str[:-1])</em>

and then catch the exceptions. If you have an exception, then it direct zone, of not – reverse.

Second, you will be needed to build a return message, like this:

msg = DNSMessage(qstate.qinfo.qname_str, RR_TYPE_A, RR_CLASS_IN, PKT_QR | PKT_RA | PKT_AA)

Then, depend on which zone you shall query, you sent a one of the following requests to REDIS:

GET A:%(name)

GET PTR:%(ip)

if REDIS returns None, you shall query Zabbix mysql database with one of the following queries:

select interfaceid,ip,dns from interface where type = 1 and dns = ‘%(name)’;

select interfaceid,ip,dns from interface where type = 1 and ip = ‘%(ip)’;

If MySQL query returned data, you shall populate REDIS as described in Chapter 6, fill return message and invalidate and re-populate UNBOUND cache using following calls:

invalidateQueryInCache(qstate, qstate.return_msg.qinfo)

storeQueryInCache(qstate, qstate.return_msg.qinfo, qstate.return_msg.rep, 0)

Return message is filled by appending results to a msg.answer

"%(name) 900 IN A %(ip)"
"%(in_addr_arpa) 900 IN PTR %(name)."

for direct and reverse zones.

qstate alse shall be updated with information about return message before you manipulate with UNBOUND cache

msg.set_return_msg(qstate)

9. Summary.

Well, now you know enough on how to integrate information from your Zabbix instance into your enterprise.

Editing Plymouth

You can edit Plymouth with a simple text editor for animations and images. This is Ubuntu version agnostic.

• Get Template
• Customize Template
• Set Custom Theme

Make a template

First you will get a template that covers all the basic aspects of a Plymouth. Change my-theme to your own personal them name.

sudo cp --recursive /lib/plymouth/themes/ubuntu-logo ~/themes/my-theme

Customize file names

Now you can change some names to help identify our theme from others.

sudo mv ubuntu-logo.plymouth my-theme.plymouth
sudo mv ubuntu-logo.script my-theme.script
sudo mv ubuntu-logo.grub my-theme.grub
sudo mv ubuntu_logo16.png my_theme16.png
sudo mv ubuntu_logo.png my_theme.png

Edit image files

Use your image editor of choice to alter the png images. I like GIMP for quick edits.

gimp my_theme.png my_theme16.png
gimp progress_dot_on.png progress_dot_off.png
gimp progress_dot_on16.png progress_dot_off16.png

Here is an example of my alterations:

Edit the configuration files.

1. Set up theme information file.

gedit my-theme.plymouth

Edit lines 2, 7, and 8 and change ubuntu logo to you theme name.

[Plymouth Theme]
Name=My Theme
Description=A theme that features a blank background with a logo.
ModuleName=script

[script]
ImageDir=/lib/plymouth/themes/my-theme
ScriptFile=/lib/plymouth/themes/my-theme/my-theme.script

For 17.10+, replace /lib/plymouth/themes with /usr/share/plymouth/themes

2. Start-up terminal color. (Optional)

gedit my-theme.grub

Change it from purple to something else.

Edit line 1 with RGB color code.

A good site to help you is Color-Hex. I am just going to make mine black.

if background_color 0,0,0; then
    clear
fi

The script file to apply theme changes

gedit my-theme.script

There is many different aspects to this file that you can change to customize your plymouth boot theme. If you wish to do more advanced changes you should study it. I am only showing how to change the background color, logo, and status indicator.

Edit lines 169, 170, 174, and 180 to change the background gradient and images you edited earlier.

Window.SetBackgroundTopColor (0.66, 0.66, 0.66);       #top
Window.SetBackgroundBottomColor (0.146, 0.146, 0.146); #bottom

bits_per_pixel = Window.GetBitsPerPixel ();
if (bits_per_pixel == 4) {
    logo_filename = "my_theme16.png";
    progress_dot_off_filename = "progress_dot_off16.png";
    progress_dot_on_filename = "progress_dot_on16.png";
    password_field_filename = "password_field16.png";
    question_field_filename = "password_field16.png";
} else {
    logo_filename = "my_theme.png";
    progress_dot_off_filename = "progress_dot_off.png";
    progress_dot_on_filename = "progress_dot_on.png";
    password_field_filename = "password_field.png";
    question_field_filename = "password_field.png";
}

Send your theme folder

cp --recursive ~/themes/my-theme /lib/plymouth/themes

Set Plymouth configuration to use theme.

sudo ln -sf /lib/plymouth/themes/my-theme/my-theme.plymouth /etc/alternatives/default.plymouth
sudo ln -sf /lib/plymouth/themes/my-theme/my-theme.grub /etc/alternatives/default.plymouth.grub

18.04+

sudo update-initramfs -u

Restart to watch it in action.

You can get a list of themes available via the repositories through Synaptic Package Manager or through the command line via aptitude:

$ aptitude search plymouth-theme
p   lubuntu-plymouth-theme        - plymouth theme for Lubuntu
p   plymouth-theme-fade-in        - graphical boot animation and logger - fade-in theme
p   plymouth-theme-glow           - graphical boot animation and logger - glow theme
i   plymouth-theme-kubuntu-logo   - graphical boot animation and logger - kubuntu-logo theme
p   plymouth-theme-sabily         - plymouth theme for Sabily
p   plymouth-theme-script         - graphical boot animation and logger - script theme
p   plymouth-theme-solar          - graphical boot animation and logger - solar theme
p   plymouth-theme-spinfinity     - graphical boot animation and logger - spinfinity theme
p   plymouth-theme-text           - graphical boot animation and logger - text theme
c   plymouth-theme-ubuntu-logo    - graphical boot animation and logger - ubuntu-logo theme
i   plymouth-theme-ubuntu-text    - graphical boot animation and logger - ubuntu-logo theme
p   plymouth-theme-ubuntustudio   - Ubuntu Studio Plymouth theme
p   xubuntu-plymouth-theme        - Plymouth theme for Xubuntu

You can then install the resulting packages via Synaptic or apt as normal:

$ sudo apt install plymouth-theme-solar

If you’re looking for something not in the repositories, UbuntuGeek has an excellent tutorial on how to install and create your own custom Plymouth themes.